Tag Archives: language

“Spring Thoughts” by Li Bai [w/ Audio]

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Yan grass shimmers like silken jade.
 Qin mulberry trees' green leaves droop.
 Your homecoming is now at hand
 As heartbreak has me thin and stooped.
 Spring Winds and I are strangers --
 Why, past my curtains, the inward swoop?

Chinese Title: 春思; Original poem in Simplified Chinese:

燕草如碧丝， 秦桑低绿枝；
当君怀归日， 是妾断肠时。 
春风不相识， 何事入罗帏？

Note: this is poem #7 in “300 Tang Poems” [唐诗三百首]

Wen Fu 2: “Introspection” [文賦二] by Lu Ji [陆机] [w/ Audio]

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Close your eyes and listen with care.
 Turn all your attention inside.
 Let your soul ride the Eight Borders
   At a galloping stride.

Inner space brightens, becomes more
 Compact, as one views the expanse.
 Words pour forth to cleanse the soul,
   As the Six Arts lend a fragrance.

Float, swim, and dive in the abyss,
 Heedful for words as it all soaks in...
 Sometimes the right word must be hooked,
  And hauled up where it can be spoken.
 But, other times, words are like birds,
 That fly themselves out of the clouds,
 To be downed by one swift arrow --
  Quite willingly freed of their shrouds.

Mine for lines lost ages ago --
 Rhymes unsung for ten centuries.
 Thank tight buds for the sweet flowers
   That they - soon enough - will be.

See past and present concurrently,
   At once, touch mountain and sea.

The Original in Simplified Chinese:

其始也，皆收视反听，耽思傍讯，精骛八极，心游万仞。

其致也，情曈曨而弥鲜，物昭晣而互进。

倾群言之沥液，漱六艺之芳润。

浮天渊以安流，濯下泉而潜浸。

于是沈辞怫悦，若游鱼衔钩，而出重渊之深；
浮藻联翩，若翰鸟缨缴，而坠曾云之峻。

收百世之阙文，采千载之遗韵。

谢朝华于已披，启夕秀于未振。

观古今于须臾，抚四海于一瞬。

BOOKS: “Troublesome Words” by Bill Bryson

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Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words: A Writer's Guide to Getting It RightBryson’s Dictionary of Troublesome Words: A Writer’s Guide to Getting It Right by Bill Bryson
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

Publisher Site – Penguin Books

This is a guide to English words (and loanwords) that challenge even professional writers. It’s organized as a dictionary, and – in fact – the earliest edition of the book was entitled The Penguin Dictionary of Troublesome Words. However, the entries are far from mere definitions, and typically include examples of grammatical, stylistic, or spelling offenses, examples that are sometimes humorous (as are Bryson’s explanations.)

The most common classes of troublesome words are those that are redundant (or otherwise fail to add information) and pairs or groups of words that are frequently confused because of similar spellings or close — but not identical — meanings. That said, there are many other varieties of linguistic challenges confronted by the book, such as spelling mistakes and migrating meanings.

The book is dated. For some readers, that will make the book obsolete, but students of language may find it’s even more useful in showing the evolution of the language. This can be seen with respect to migrating meanings, words whose meanings started out being one thing but against the efforts of grammarians and other linguistic guardians were dragged into an alternate meaning by the force of mass usage. There are some instances where Bryson advises one to honor the original meaning and other cases where he points out that the ship has sailed and to just go with the flow. I’m sure these positions would shift if this book were to be updated again. (Originally written in the 1980’s, the book was revised and update in the early 2000’s, but language has continued to shift in these 20+ years.) In several cases words for which he suggests we stick to the original meaning have now completed their slide. (And many of the words he tells us to accept the changed meaning of are now so far past that original meaning that few readers will be aware the word ever meant something different.)

That being said, the book isn’t completely obsolete. As mentioned above, one of the most common classes of offenses are redundant and meaningless words, and these are almost all still relevant to writers today.

Bill Bryson has a unique relationship to the language, being both British and American, and one nice feature of the book is that he points out differences in spelling and usage that exist between the two countries.

There is an appendix discussing proper punctuation, a bibliography, and a glossary of linguistic terms.

If you’re reading this out of an interest in language, I’d recommend it. It’s light and humorous. However, if you’re in the market for a reference guide, you can surely find a more up to date (if less humorous) guide.

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BOOKS: “Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction” by Jonathan Culler

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Literary Theory: A Very Short IntroductionLiterary Theory: A Very Short Introduction by Jonathan D. Culler
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Publisher site – OUP

This brief guide tries to bring some clarity to the question of what literary theory is, a question which is a great deal more convoluted that it is in science (or even the social sciences) where the scientific method shapes our understanding of the term. Often when one hears about literary theory it’s in the context of Marxists, Feminists, or Psychoanalysts, and one might be forgiven for wondering whether those scholars don’t have a discipline of their own (not to mention how much can a Marxist – for example – illuminate The Little Prince or the poetry of Li Bai.)

I thought the book was well-arranged to shed as much light on the topic as possible. Of its nine chapters, the first two explore competing ideas of what constitutes “theory” and “literature,” respectively. There is a chapter (Ch.3) that distinguishes the field from the overlapping discipline of cultural studies. The remaining six chapters cover topical components of the field, including: language / meaning, rhetoric / poetics, story, performative language, identity, ethics, and aesthetics.

This book does a good job of offering some clarity and has a sense of humor as it does so (notably through satirical cartoons that illustrate the book.) If you’re looking for a layman’s guide to the subject, this one is readable and insightful.

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Spillage [Free Verse]

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What spills from the brush?
   What shapes are made
      on the page?
 
What curves? What lines?
   What crosses? What binds?
 
Who will chase after the sparks
   of meaning in those wild marks?

Evolution [Free Verse]

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Anywhere copies are made, 
   but copies aren't exact,
      selection will take place.

Some erroneous copies will 
    be more beloved than others.
      Some errors will propagate.
      Some errors will die out.

Thus is language,
   thus is chemistry,
   and thus is life.

BOOKS: “Linguistics: A Very Short Introduction” by P.H. Matthews

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Linguistics: A Very Short IntroductionLinguistics: A Very Short Introduction by P.H. Matthews
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Publisher Site – OUP

This book offers an overview of the territory studied by the discipline of linguistics, from general topics such as what a language is and what distinguishes human language through more technical and scientific subjects such as the nature of vocal sound and the role of the brain in language.

It introduced me to some interesting ideas that I hadn’t previously given much thought, such as: the importance of redundancy in language, the idea that a word can’t necessarily be thought of as simply a label put on a pre-existing notion or thing, the question of whether language developed once or multiple times (independently,) how languages are learned, and how speaking influences thinking and vice versa.

Until the penultimate chapter (Ch. 8 – “Sounds”) I felt the book was doing a fine job of sticking to the basics, being interesting but not obscure. The “Sounds” chapter seemed to get more into the weeds than the rest (but, I’ll concede, it may have been part my relative interest in the topic, your results may vary.)

The book, like others in the series, has a few monochrome graphics as well as a “Further Reading” section.

If one is looking for a broad introduction to linguistics, I’d recommend this as a fine place to start.

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“Yes, I have a thousand tongues” by Stephen Crane [w/ Audio]

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Yes, I have a thousand tongues,
 And nine and ninety-nine lie.
 Though I strive to use the one,
 It will make no melody at my will,
 But is dead in my mouth.

BOOKS: “Chinese Grammar Wiki BOOK: Elementary” ed. by John Pasden

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Chinese Grammar Wiki BOOK: ElementaryChinese Grammar Wiki BOOK: Elementary by John Pasden
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

Publisher Site

Confronted with a vast sea of Chinese grammar texts, this is the series I chose, and I’ve been happy with my decision. This, the beginner level grammar guide, is reasonably priced, logically organized, easy to use, and has all one needs without time-wasting excesses.

The core of the book consists of 135 grammar points (40 “A1” level and 95 “A2” level.) For each point there is a clear but simple explanation of the rule, a formulaic statement of said rule [an easy to find timesaver when reviewing,] a number of examples (with Chinese characters, pinyin, and an English translation) and any cautions to consider (i.e. common mistakes, ways Chinese grammar differs from English, and common exceptions to the rule.) The examples used simple and common words and phrases to drill basic and useful vocabulary.

This book is organized to put bite-sized chunks of learning at hand so that one can do more or less, depending upon one’s schedule.

I’d recommend this book for anyone looking for a basic Chinese Grammar text.

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BOOKS: “Language” by Xiaolu Guo

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LanguageLanguage by Xiaolu Guo
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

Publisher Site

This book is excerpted from a full-length novel entitled, A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, and it conveys what it’s like to be a stranger in a strange land — particularly when one has only a rudimentary grasp of the local language. Specifically, the story revolves around a young Chinese woman who moves to London to pursue her studies. In London, the young woman becomes involved with an older man, and much of the story looks at how culture — and particularly language — impacts the nature of the relationship. (And, also, how being in a relationship with a native of her new home impacts her language learning.)

Perhaps the most important factor influencing whether a reader will like or loath this book is how one feels about reading broken English. Like the dialectic poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar, this book isn’t written in grammatically correct standard English. The broken – “learner’s” – English is quite effective at conveying the struggle of language learning and how culture and language are intertwined. But if reading grammatically incorrect writing gives you a headache, then this book is not for you.

As for why this book consists of excerpts, it’s part of a series called “Vintage Minis” that consists of short (or excerpted) works from prominent authors from around the globe, generally with a straightforward unifying theme. [Vintage Classics is an imprint of Penguin Random House.] The fact that the book was an excerpt didn’t create a problem for me. The origin material is a literary fiction novel and doesn’t seem to be significantly plot-driven. It’s much more character-driven, and thus getting a limited picture doesn’t open up a lot of unanswered questions about what will come next. In other words, it felt like it could have been a full piece of short, character-driven literary fiction.

I enjoyed reading this slim volume. I think it offers interesting insight into being a language learner abroad. If you’re interested in the challenges of language and culture in an unfamiliar place, this thin book is well worth reading.

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